endless harvest雅思閱讀原文及翻譯

endless harvest雅思閱讀原文及翻譯。今天中國(guó)教育在線就來(lái)為大家分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

劍橋雅思7 Test4 Passage2原文翻譯

endless harvest無(wú)盡的收獲閱讀原文

第1段

More than two hundred years ago,Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands,a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific,and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north.The islands’native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska,the‘Great Land’;today,we know it as Alaska.

兩百多年前，俄羅斯探險(xiǎn)家和皮毛獵人踏上北太平洋的火山群島-阿留申群島上，并了解到更北邊的陸地。這些島嶼的原住民稱此地為Aleyska-“偉大土地”。今天，我們將其稱為阿拉斯加。

第2段

The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America(in 1959),Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48states combined.It shares,with Canada,the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States.The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska–cold,nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds,and over 400 species of fish,shellfish,crustaceans,and molluscs.Taking advantage of this rich bounty,Alaska’s commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.

阿拉斯加是美國(guó)的第49個(gè)州（1959年加入美國(guó)），是位于美洲大陸48個(gè)州加起來(lái)面積的五分之一。它與加拿大共享北美第二長(zhǎng)的河流系統(tǒng)，并且文章來(lái)自老烤鴨雅思擁有一半以上美國(guó)的海岸線。河流流入白令海文章來(lái)自老烤鴨雅思和阿拉斯加灣。這些營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的寒冷水域支撐著數(shù)千萬(wàn)只海鳥(niǎo)以及超過(guò)400種魚(yú)類，貝類，甲殼類和軟體動(dòng)物。利用這種豐富的資源，阿拉斯加的商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)已發(fā)展成為世界上最大的商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)之一。

第3段

According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game(ADF&G),Alaska’s commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring,and well over a million tonnes of groundfish(cod,sole,perch and pollock)in 2000.This article is from Laokaoya website.The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska’s fisheries,however,is salmon.‘Salmon,’notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook,‘pump through Alaska like blood through a heart,bringing rhythmic,circulating nourishment to land,animals and people.’The‘predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish,’and‘dying spawners*feed bears,eagles,other animals,and ultimately the soil itself.’All five species of Pacific salmon–chinook,or king;chum,or dog;coho,or silver;sockeye,or red;and pink,or humpback–spawn**in Alaskan waters,and 90%of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there.Indeed,if Alaska was an independent nation,it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world.During 2000,commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes,with an ex-vessel value of over$US260 million.

根據(jù)阿拉斯加魚(yú)類與獵物部（ADF＆G）的統(tǒng)計(jì)，2000年，阿拉斯加的商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)捕撈了數(shù)十萬(wàn)噸貝類和鯡魚(yú)，以及超過(guò)一百萬(wàn)噸的底棲魚(yú)類（鱈魚(yú)，鰨魚(yú)，鱸魚(yú)和狹鱈）。然而，阿拉斯加漁場(chǎng)的真正文化中心是鮭魚(yú)。作家蘇珊·尤因（Susan Ewing）在《阿拉斯加大自然概況》中寫(xiě)道，“鮭魚(yú)”像血液流過(guò)心臟一樣穿過(guò)阿拉斯加，為土地，動(dòng)物和人類帶來(lái)有規(guī)律的循環(huán)營(yíng)養(yǎng)?！翱深A(yù)測(cè)的鮭魚(yú)數(shù)量使一些本土文化蓬勃發(fā)展”，“即將死亡的產(chǎn)卵者喂養(yǎng)熊，鷹，和其他動(dòng)物，最后反哺土壤本身?！疤窖蟮奈宸N鮭魚(yú)-chinook,or king;chum,or dog;coho,or silver;sockeye,or red;and pink,or humpback-全部在阿拉斯加水域產(chǎn)卵。北美商業(yè)捕撈的所有太平洋鮭魚(yú)中有90％在那里生產(chǎn)。事實(shí)上，如果阿拉斯加是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家，它將成為世界上最大的野生鮭魚(yú)生產(chǎn)商。2000年期間，阿拉斯加的太平洋鮭魚(yú)商業(yè)捕撈量超過(guò)320,000噸，前船價(jià)值超過(guò)2.6億美元。

第4段

Catches have not always been so healthy.Between 1940 and 1959,overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area.With the onset of statehood,however,the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries,guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska’s natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis.At that time,statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon.Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management,until,during the 1990s,annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million,and on several occasions over 200 million fish.

捕撈并不總是那么健康。在1940年至1959年之間，過(guò)度捕撈導(dǎo)致鮭魚(yú)種群急劇下降，以至于1953年阿拉斯加被宣布為聯(lián)邦災(zāi)區(qū)。然而，隨著建州開(kāi)始，阿拉斯加州接手自己的漁場(chǎng)管理，州憲法規(guī)定阿拉斯加的自然資源必須以可持續(xù)的方式進(jìn)行運(yùn)營(yíng)。當(dāng)時(shí)，全州的鮭魚(yú)總產(chǎn)量約為2500萬(wàn)。在此后的幾十年中，由于采取了這種可持續(xù)的管理政策，平均捕撈量穩(wěn)步增加，直到20世紀(jì)90年代，每年的捕撈量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)1億條，有時(shí)甚至超過(guò)2億條。

第5段

The primary reason for such increases is what is known as‘In-Season Abundance-Based Management’.There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn.The biologists sit in streamside counting towers,study sonar,watch from aeroplanes,and talk to fishermen.The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set.The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish,but on any given day,one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing.Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt.It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks–and,accordingly,Alaska salmon fisheries–to prosper,even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered.

這種增長(zhǎng)的主要原因是所謂的“基于季節(jié)的豐度管理”。整個(gè)州都有生物學(xué)家不斷監(jiān)測(cè)成年魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵的過(guò)程。生物學(xué)家坐在河邊的計(jì)數(shù)塔上，觀察聲納，做飛機(jī)查看，并與漁民交談。阿拉斯加的鮭魚(yú)季節(jié)并非預(yù)先設(shè)定。漁民知道一年中允許捕魚(yú)的大概時(shí)間。但在任意一天，特定區(qū)域中的一位或多位野外生物學(xué)家都可以要求停止捕魚(yú)。甚至運(yùn)動(dòng)釣魚(yú)也被制止。正是這種管理機(jī)制使得阿拉斯加的鮭魚(yú)種群以及相應(yīng)的鮭魚(yú)捕撈繁榮增長(zhǎng)，即使美國(guó)其他地區(qū)的鮭魚(yú)種群日益被視為受到威脅，甚至瀕臨滅絕。

第6段

In 1999,the Marine Stewardship Council(MSC)***commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery.The Council,which was founded in 1996,certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards,enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility.The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged.Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible,fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process.The MSC then appoints a certification committee,composed of a panel of fisheries experts,which gathers information and opinions from fishermen,biologists,government officials,industry representatives,non-governmental organisations and others.

1999年，海洋管理委員會(huì)（MSC）委托對(duì)阿拉斯加鮭魚(yú)漁場(chǎng)進(jìn)行審查。委員會(huì)成立于1996年，對(duì)符合高環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的漁場(chǎng)進(jìn)行認(rèn)證，使他們能夠使用認(rèn)可其環(huán)境責(zé)任的標(biāo)簽。MSC已經(jīng)建立了一套評(píng)估商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。認(rèn)識(shí)到被確認(rèn)為對(duì)環(huán)境負(fù)責(zé)的潛在好處，（阿拉斯加）漁場(chǎng)與理委員會(huì)聯(lián)系，要求進(jìn)行認(rèn)證程序。隨后，MSC任命一個(gè)由漁場(chǎng)專家組成認(rèn)證委員會(huì)，該委員會(huì)從漁民，生物學(xué)家，政府官員，行業(yè)代表，非政府組織和其他組織收集信息和意見(jiàn)。

第7段

Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when,in the months leading up to MSC’s final decision,salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed.In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers,chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood;subsistence communities throughout the region,who normally have priority over commercial fishing,were devastated.

一些觀察家認(rèn)為，在MSC做出最終決定的前幾個(gè)月里，阿拉斯加西部的鮭魚(yú)養(yǎng)殖完全崩潰了，因此阿拉斯加鮭魚(yú)漁業(yè)不會(huì)有任何獲得認(rèn)證的機(jī)會(huì)。在育空河和庫(kù)斯科克維姆河中，chinook和chum的養(yǎng)殖可能處于建州以來(lái)最差的情況。整個(gè)區(qū)域的維生體系遭到破壞，而它們通常優(yōu)先于商業(yè)漁場(chǎng)。

第8段

The crisis was completely unexpected,but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries.Rather,they contend,it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts,prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ni?o/la ni?a phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures,culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen.It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned.However,the state reacted quickly,closing down all fisheries,even those necessary for subsistence purposes.

這場(chǎng)危機(jī)完全出乎意料，但研究人員認(rèn)為，它與漁場(chǎng)的影響無(wú)關(guān)。相反，他們認(rèn)為這幾乎可以肯定是氣候變化的結(jié)果，部分由于厄爾尼諾/拉尼娜現(xiàn)象對(duì)太平洋溫度的持續(xù)影響，導(dǎo)致大量的鮭魚(yú)卵在極度寒冷的冬天被凍結(jié)。就認(rèn)證過(guò)程而言，這可能意味著終結(jié)。但是，阿拉斯加迅速作出反應(yīng)，關(guān)閉了所有漁場(chǎng)，甚至包括那些維持生計(jì)所需的漁場(chǎng)。

第9段

In September 2000,MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification.Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products.Certification is for an initial period of five years,with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards.

2000年9月，MSC宣布阿拉斯加鮭魚(yú)漁場(chǎng)有資格獲得認(rèn)證。立刻有7家生產(chǎn)阿拉斯加鮭魚(yú)的公司被許可在其產(chǎn)品上展示MSC標(biāo)志。認(rèn)證為期五年，每年進(jìn)行一次審核以確保漁場(chǎng)持續(xù)符合所要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

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